Moreover, overexpression of CqRALF15 in Arabidopsis results in enhanced leaf bleaching under salt stress, indicating that CqRALF15 is involved in salt stress response. CqRALF15 and AtRALF22 are functionally conserved in inducing the internalization of AtFER and in triggering root growth inhibition in both quinoa and Arabidopsis. Biochemical study indicates that CqRALF15, a paralog of Arabidopsis RALF22, is physically associated with CrRLK1L proteins CqFER and AtFER. RNA-seq data show that three CqCrRLK1L genes are highly up-regulated after salt treatment, suggesting that some CqCrRLK1L family genes are transcriptionally responsive to salt stress in quinoa. Transcriptomic profiling of the leaf, root, stamen, and pistil tissues of quinoa reveals that different CqCrRLK1L and CqRALF genes exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns, which is consistent with that observed in other plant species. Here, we performed a genome-wide analysis and identified 26 CqCrRLK1L and 18 CqRALF family genes in quinoa genome. In Arabidopsis thaliana, Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase ( CrRLK1Ls) FERONIA (FER) and its ligands rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs) have been reported that participate in the regulation of salt tolerance. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in quinoa are still largely unknown. 6National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, ChinaĬhenopodium quinoa is a halophyte with exceptional nutritional qualities, and therefore it is potentially an ideal crop to grow in saline soils, not only addressing the problem of land salinization, but also providing nutrient food for the health of humans.5Agricultural Technology Center of Bright Rice (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.4The Bright Seed Industry Company, Shanghai, China.3University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.2Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.1National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.Wei Jiang 1,2†, Chao Li 2†, Leiting Li 2, Yali Li 2,3, Zhihao Wang 2,3, Feiyu Yu 4, Feng Yi 5, Jianhan Zhang 5, Jian-Kang Zhu 2, Heng Zhang 6, Yan Li 1* and Chunzhao Zhao 2*
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